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Notice d'autorité

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This collection comprises the research commissioned from 1979-1981 by the Labour Research Committee. This organisation was linked to the University of the Witwatersrand. The research was conducted by a team headed by Neil Coleman and spans the period 1930-1980. It deals mainly with influx control, migrant labour and conditions of the labour force in various industries. This research was meant to culminate in a publication. The publication was never completed. At present, Neil Coleman is employed by COSATU.

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The South African Tin Workers' Union (SATWU) was founded in August 1937. The initiative for the formation of this union came after workers at the Durban Falkirk Industries went on strike for higher wages. Prominent trade unionists, such as H.A. Naidoo, were at the launch of the union. In 1939 the Union was registered under the Industrial Conciliation Act and as a result organised mainly the Coloured and Indian workers.

In 1941, the first agreement between the employers and the union was reached, giving the workers a substantial rise in wages. During the 1946 Passive Resistance Campaign launched by the South African Indian Congress, leading unionists from SATWU served terms of imprisonment.

SATWU affiliated to the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) upon its formation in 1955. During the 1950s, Ray Alexander, Gus Coe and Ismail Bhoola, secretary's of the Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Johannesburg branches respectively, were banned under the Suppression of Communism Act. also, under this Act, in July 1953, S.V. Reddy, the General Secretary was banned from attending all gatherings and was forced to resign from the Union. He was succeeded by Billy Nair as secretary of the Union.

After strong pressure from SATWU, the Minister of Labour appointed a Wage Board to investigate the tin industry. This resulted in the Wage Determination No. 173 in 1956 which laid down the minimum wage for the industry. This was a slight improvement on the wages earned at that time.

In 1956, Billy Nair was arrested with 155 others on charges of High Treason. D Thambiran was elected Durban Branch secretary in 1957, and General Secretary of the Union in 1960. In February 1960, the workers at Metal Box in Durban boycotted the canteen in protest against the conditions. Although many trade unionists were detained during the State of Emergency, declared in 1960, SATWU managed to negotiate two wage increases for its members during this period.

Throughout the 60s and 70s SATWU strove to improve the working conditions and wages for those employed in the tin industry. SATWU also petitioned international metal workers union and the British Trade Union Congress to apply pressure on the parent companies of the South African subsidiaries.

COSATU - Congress of South African Trade Unions

IMF - International Metalworkers Federation

SATWU - South African Tin Workers' Union

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This collection of interviews covers the period 1979-1990 when Julie Frederikse worked as a journalist and an author. During this period Frederikse worked as a journalist for the National Public Radio (NPR) in the USA, covering Southern Africa. She then wrote the book, 'South Africa: A Different Kind of War: From Soweto to Pretoria, 1986', and thereafter she wrote 'The Unbreakable Thread: Non-racialism in South Africa', 1990.

For the writing of 'The Unbreakable Thread', Frederikse was based at the Popular History Trust (PHT) in Harare, Zimbabwe. It was at PHT, where most of the interviews conducted for the purposes of this book, were transcribed. 140 interviews were further edited and a database for these interviews was created using Notebook (see section S). In 1990, the South African History Archive (SAHA) and PHT merged. This collection of interviews were part of the PHT material that came to SAHA.

The audio interviews were subsequently digitised. Due to their fragile condition, the interview transcripts were digitised as part of SAHA's Non-Racialism Project. The first phase of this project included the curation of a 25th anniversary commemorative edition of 'The Unbreakable Thread: Non-racialism in South Africa', by SAHA in 2015, in consultation with Julie Frederikse.

During this time Frederikse made a further donation of materials that relates to her earlier books, 'None But Ourselves: Masses vs Media (1982), 'South Africa: A Different Kind of War' (1986) as well as to 'The Unbreakable Thread'. While the bulk of the material consists of research materials for her books, especially 'The Unbreakable Thread', it also includes a collection of ephemera such as her press passes, badges and stickers. She also made a large collection of correspondence, book reviews, photographs and other documents available to SAHA to be digitised for inclusion in the virtual exhibition ‘Tracing the Unbreakable Thread: Non-racialism in South Africa'. The digitised items have been processed as part of the Julie Frederikse collection.

NPR - National Public Radio

PHT - Popular History Trust

SAHA - South African History Archive

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After the declaration of the State of Emergency in 1986 and increased political repression, the youth of Manganeng in Sekhukhuneland decided to mobilise. They wanted to use culture as a weapon in the struggle against apartheid. In 1988 they formed the Kgwana Cultural Project, named after John Kgwana Nkadimeng of the African national Congress (ANC). They believed that local culture had been distorted by the political situation and that this was reinforced by a lack of education. Their activities in dance, music, drama and poetry spread to neighbouring villages. The Project was hampered, however, by a lack of funding and full-time organisational structures.

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This IDASA Conference took place at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, in July 1989 where Afrikaans speaking South African writers met with leaders from the African National Congress (ANC) to discuss their role in a democratic South Africa.

The following people delivered speeches, readings and comments at the conference: Alex Boraine, Ampie Coetzee, Antjie Krog, Baleka Kgositsile, Breyten Breytenbach, Charles Malan, Ettiene van Heerden, Fanie Olivier, Friederich Naumann, Hein Willemse, Jeremy Cronin, Julian Smith, Mandla Langa, Marius Schoon, Mike Cope, Ingrid de Kok, Pallo Jordan, Patrick Fitzgerald, Patrick Petersen, Rebecca Matlou, Steve Tshwete, Frederik Van Zyl Slabbert, Vernon February, Wally Serote, Wilhelm Liebenberg and Willie Kgositsile.

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Collected by Julie Frederikse for the research of her book “ The Unbreakable Thread”, this photograph collection forms a comprehensive visual document of the struggle history of South Africa. These photo’s were taken by a number of well-known photographers while part of the photo agency Afrapix in the 1980s. Afrapix photographers Paul Weinberg, Steve Hilton-Barber, Guy Tillim, Anna Zieminski , Gille de Vlieg, Jimi Matthews, Gideon Mendel, Cedric Nunn, Gisele Wulfsohn, Eric Muller, Wendy Schwegmann, Omar Badsha, Dave Hartman, Rafs Mayet, Roger Meintjies, Justin Sholk, and others, have become known for capturing the changing face of South African politics through the turbulent 1980s to democracy.

Afrapix, founded in 1982 as a collective photo agency and library, brought together a number of photographers who became known for using the camera as a weapon against apartheid. Before 1980, most of these photographers worked independently from each other. With the aim of stimulating documentary photography, Afrapix’s collective approach became one of sharing skills and ideas. Photography generated during this period also became known as ‘struggle photography’. Afrapix was dissolved in 1991 as South Africa’s international isolation ended.

Some of the most prolific Afrapix photographers represented in this collection are:-

Gille de Vlieg:- Activist and photographer Gille de Vlieg was born in England. A trained nurse, she worked in Pietermaritzburg and London before moving to Johannesburg where she became a member of Black Sash in 1982. In 1984, after documenting various “black spots” in the rural Transvaal, she met Afrapix founder member Paul Weinberg who encouraged her to join the collective photo agency and library founded two years earlier. An introduction into township life further inspired her to depict the “alternative view of South Africa”. In the late 1980s she participated in the Culture in Another South Africa Conference, Amsterdam, and other group exhibitions. She currently lives in KwaZulu-Natal.

Steve Hilton-Barber:- Born in 1962, he studied journalism at Rhodes University in Grahamstown before he joined Afrapix from 1986-1990. During this time he also worked as a stringer for Reuters in the Eastern Cape. After leaving Afrapix he started Southlight Photographic agency with Paul Weinberg in 1990. In the same year he won awards for his controversial “Initiation” series. He subsequently worked for Saturday Star and became Chief Photographer at the Mail and Guardian. Thereafter, he collaborated in numerous photographic exhibitions, traveled the USA, accumulated a number of awards and became the official photographer for both ”Big Brother” and Pop Idols before he died of a heart attack in 2002.

Rafiq (Rafs) Mayet:- Born in Durban, Mayet was taught the basics of photography by Omar Badsha in 1983. He began his photographic career at the Daily Dispatch in East London and moved on to the New African in Durban, before he became an Afrapix photographer. He worked for the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) during the first democratic elections in 1994. He has been involved in numerous exhibitions, and was one of twelve South African photographers to submit essays for a show commissioned by the Netherlands Architectural Institute, entitled “Blank – Architecture and Apartheid”, in 1998. He continues to work on a variety of projects, such as the Warwick Avenue Triangle and an on-going documentation of contemporary jazz musicians. He is also interested in learning more about archival printing processes.

Eric Miller:- Bred in Johannesburg, this onetime psychology student was struck by the power of the media while working in the corporate sector. It was the media’s misuse of power by the apartheid state which led him to leave the corporate world in the mid 1980s and to join Afrapix to document the struggle during the State of Emergency. He spent three years working for Reuters after 1988; but the birth of his son prompted him to move from hard news to feature work. His work on the home front reflects transformation of South African society, with a focus on housing delivery, health, education, and labour, while his work elsewhere in Africa covers the Rwandan genocide, famine in Sudan, and post-conflict reconstruction in Liberia. He has published three books and exhibited in South Africa and abroad.

Cedric Nunn:- Born in Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), in 1957, his photographic career started with documenting what was being ignored by the mainstream media: the realities of apartheid. No wonder then that he joined Afrapix, and also set up an Afrapix agency in Durban. Since then, a largely freelance photographer, he became known for using the camera to “wrestle with his own identity”. He was involved in producing voter education material for various NGO’s for 1994 elections, and also covered the elections for IEC as part of a team of photographers. From 1998- 2000 he was director of the Market Photography Workshop in Johannesburg. He has participated in numerous cultural exchanges, organized and curated major photographic exhibitions, and his major personal project “Blood relatives” was exhibited at Constitution Hill in Johannesburg in 2005. He has returned to KZN where he now lives in Mangete.

Justin Sholk:- Born in South Africa and currently residing in Bulgaria, he has worked as a freelance photographer with various newspaper and magazines. He has also exhibited in South Africa and abroad.

Guy Tillim;- Born in Johannesburg in 1962, he became a full-time photographer even though he completed a degree in commerce at the University of Cape Town. He worked for Afrapix from 1986-1990. During this time he also worked for Reuters in South Africa and for Agence France Presse in the run-up to first democratic elections in 1994. After 1990 he started to expand his work into Africa where he covered the phenomenon of child soldiers. He also worked on assignment for various international publications, exhibited extensively and won many awards. Since 1998 he has increasingly concentrated on his own work. He is currently living in Cape Town.

Paul Weinberg:- Born in Pietermaritzburg, KZN in 1956, he gave up his law studies to concentrate on photography. A founder member of both Afrapix in 1982 and Southlight Photographic in 1990, he found himself confronted with difficult situations as a photographer during the height of the political struggles in the 1980s and was relieved when he again could return to photographing people, their cultures and their way of life. From 1990 onwards he increasingly moved away from news photography to concentrate on feature. With his passion in photography mainly dealing with indigenous people and land issues, he has also been involved in many exhibitions and projects with regards to human rights issues, environment and HIV/Aids. He has also worked for many non-governmental organisations; has been published widely, curated numerous exhibitions, and won many awards. He has furthermore been involved with film-making and teaching. He continues to work as a photojournalist, documentary photographer and film-maker.

Gisele Wulfsohn:- A freelance photographer with a special interest in gender, education and health issues, in particular HIV/AIDS, she moved from Style magazine to join Afrapix in the mid-1980s. Also one of the photographers to work for the IEC to document the first democratic elections in 1994, her work since the late 1980s focuses increasingly on HIV/AIDS as she documents the HIV pandemic not as catastrophe, but rather as an experience of choosing to live positively. She has been a photographer for numerous publications, and also participated in the exhibition “Malibongwe: Let Us Praise The Women” which marked the 50th anniversary of women’s march to Union Buildings in Pretoria. Gisele Wulfsohn died on 27 December 2011 after a long illness.

A number of photographs in this collection can also be credited to the International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) for Southern Africa. IDAF was an anti-apartheid organisation, born out of Christian Action (CA) under John Collins in the 1950s, that smuggled large amounts of money into South Africa for the defense of thousands of political activists, including the Treason Trialists, and to provide aid for their families while they were in prison. IDAF received international status in 1965, and on 18 March 1966 it was banned by Minister of Justice, John Vorster as an ‘unlawful organisation’ under the Suppression of Communism Act. IDAF, however, continued to send aids secretively. Over a period of 25 yrs 100 million pounds had been smuggled into SA. IDAF also ran an extensive research and publication operation. Collins died in 1982 after which Horst Kleinschmidt became director of IDAF until it closed in 1991.

The Original SAHA Photograph collection, to a large extent, tells the story of South Africa's political past by the photographers on the front lines, and covers the following topics:- Political parties and organisations: rallies, meetings, protests: ANC; NP, DP, PFP, AZAPO, COSAS, SACP, Pan African Movement (PAM), Black Peoples Convention (BPC), PAC, Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC), UDF, Organisations (pressure groups, support committees): Black Sash, Detainees’ Parents’ Support Committee, Cape Youth Congress, DESCOM, FEDSAW, IDASA, ECC; Anti-Apartheid Movement: Trevor Huddleston; “Bantustans”; defiance campaign, resistance: elections, community councils, health system, imprisonment of Nelson Mandela, pass-burning, demonstrations and protests 1940-1960s, religious leaders, Forced Removals and Relocations: Batlokwa people, Sophiatown, District Six; Trials & Detentions: Treason Trial, Rivonia Trial, Delmas Trial; release of detainees and prisoners in the late 1980s-1990s; education including shool boycotts and unrest, universities and resistance; elections; violence (unrest): townships in the 1980s, Soweto, Sharpeville, funerals: Steve Biko, David Webster, Neil Aggett and other activists; labour: farm workers and child labour, mine workers, municipal workers, sheep shearers and women workers; Trade Unions: Cosatu, Fosatu and others, May Day, strikes, protests; living conditions in urban areas: Gauteng, Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal; media: cartoons, placards, posters; political graffiti; SADF and SAP in the 1980s; treatment of press/media, military festivals, parades and exercises, militarization of South African society, cross-border raids; non-racialism in the 1980s; personalities: Ruth First, Helen Joseph, Frances Baard, Winnie Mandela, Frene Ginwala, Mamphela Ramphela, Priscilla Jana, Walter and Albertina Sisulu, Fatima Meer, Desmond Tutu, Nadine Gordimer, Peter Abrahams, Steve Biko, Rev. Jean-Francois Bill, Alan Boesak, Mangosutho Buthelezi, Sam Buti, Sathasivan Cooper, Jeremy Cronin, FW de Klerk, Alec Erwin, Dennis Goldberg, Archie Gumede, Ahmed Kathrada, Patrick Lekota, Nelson Mandela, Joe Slovo, Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Rev. Smangaliso Mkhatshwa, Aubrey Mokwena, Peter Moll, Murphy Morobe, Ntato Motlana, Zeph Motopeng, Elias Motsoaledi, Oscar Mpetha, Jay Naidoo, Billy Nair, Beyers Naude, Oliver Tambo; David Webster; Rev Frank Chikane; F v an Zyl Slabbert, PW, Chris Heunis, Pik Botha; “Witness to Apartheid” – a series of photographs from the film with Archbishop Desmond Tutu, filmed during State of Emergency.

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In the early 1960s certain Dutch Reformed Church ministers felt the need for closer contact with English-speakers as well as black Christians. This led to the establishment of the Christian Institute on 15th of August 1963 in Johannesburg. Reverend C. F. Beyers Naude was instrumental in this process. The emphasis of this countrywide organisation was the establishment of ecumenical study and prayer groups. These would deal specifically with the country's problems in light of the Scripture.

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The Human Awareness Programme (HAP) offered three main services: consultation, organisational development and training, and publications. The consultation service established structures, developed staff procedures, raised funds, planned events, set objectives and implemented campaigns. The organisational development and training service created efficient working environments, relationships and administration. The publications service aimed at developing skills and providing information on issues current to South Africa.

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The Five Freedoms Forum (FFF) was founded in late 1986 in response to a call from the black community for whites to show a tangible response to the State of Emergency. This broad regional alliance was made up of some twenty five organisations, ranging from human rights groups to religious, political, professional and student organisations. The FFF had the dual objective of heightening awareness within the white community and drawing whites into anti-apartheid action. The aim was to remove apartheid and have one country and one people in South Africa. This was to be achieved by striving for the five freedoms: freedom from want, freedom of speech and association, freedom from fear, freedom of conscience and freedom from discrimination.

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