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The Strategic Fuel Fund (SFF) was a company established by the Apartheid government to purchase and store oil in the face of worldwide oil sanctions against South Africa. With the change-over of government, the secrecy and the role of this company came repeatedly under questioning. The Minister for Minerals and Energy, Penuell Maduna (Minister from June 1996 to June 1999), particularly pursued issues of past oil deals, notably transactions paying commission to an intermediary, Fakhry Abdelnour, trading as Interstate and the African Middle East company (AME), and the apparent discrepancy of R170m in the Auditor-General’s report to Parliament in 1994. The then General Manager of SFF, S.J. “Kobus” van Zyl, was put under scrutiny in a series of inquiries into these issues. The proceedings included an independent audit by Nkonki Sizwe Ntsaluba (NSN) ordered by the Minister, the Auditor-General’s Special Report in response to the Minister’s remarks in Parliament, the subsequent Public Protector’s Inquiry, and the Disciplinary Hearing against Van Zyl, brought by his employer, CEF/SFF.

The material in this collection comprises the papers collected by Van Zyl over this period, which he gave to Stephan Brummer of the Mail and Guardian, then donated to SAHA. It includes transcripts, earlier documents brought in as evidence, reports of the inquiries or hearings, as well as documentation contemporary to the main period in question. The bulk and detail of evidence brought was such that particularly detailed documentation (such as individual shipping movements, audit trails, financial transactions), plus duplicates of pertinent correspondence and reports as presented in sequence, will be found in the series ‘G’ called Evidence.

EGPC - Egyptian Government’s oil trading corporation

GOSM - Gulf of Suez Mix

IPE - International Petroleum Exchange

SFF - Strategic Fuel Fund

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Zenzo Christopher Nkobi (birth date unknown) was a South African who went into exile during the 1960s and who worked as a professional photographer in the 1970s and 1980s in Southern Africa. He was the eldest son of Thomas Titus Nkobi, the longtime treasurer of the African National Congress (ANC) who fled South Africa in 1963, and belonged to the first group of ANC students in exile who studied in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the 1960s. He received a Masters Degree in photography at the Academy of Graphics and Book Art in Leipzig. Before coming back to Africa in 1977, he worked as a press photographer at the Berlin Publishing House, mainly for the Berliner Zeitung while still travelling to events in African countries to take photographs for the ANC and ZAPU. It was not possible for him to return to South Africa so he lived with his father and the family in Lusaka and later on Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. Here he ran his own photo studio and taught photography at the Technical College. For some years in exile in Zambia he was the personal photographer to the late Joshua Nkomo, leader of ZAPU and accompanied him to many conferences in preparation for the independence of Zimbabwe.

Zenzo Nkobi documented the struggle of Liberation Movements of Southern Africa, such as the ANC, ZAPU and ZANU, Frelimo, SWAPO and MPLA. He photographed the refugee camps and the military camps and many liberation leaders of Southern Africa in discussions, at conferences and elsewhere. He photographed the raids on camps in Zambia by apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia. He covered funerals of victims of raids and bombing attacks, the victorious return to Zimbabwe, the first elections there after liberation in Zimbabwe and later on also events of ZAPU and the situation in Matabeleland under the Fifth Brigade.

Zenzo Nkobi also photographed liberation movement leaders at major regional and international conferences, as well as people’s daily lives in exile, in Lusaka and Maputo. In 1980, he recorded the return of exiles and elections in the newly liberated Zimbabwe, including rare images of the Gukhurahundi (Mugabe’s repression of the population around Bulawayo in the early 1980s).

While the African National Congress (ANC) had a photography unit in the 1980s (of which Zenzo was a member), its stored images were destroyed (by water damage) in Zambia in the late 1980s. Moreover, to ensure security, photographers were generally not permitted in residences and camps unless fully vetted by the movement. Zenzo Nkobi, as the son of ANC Treasurer General, Thomas Nkobi, had complete access thus making these images both extremely rare and valuable.

When he died in 1993 in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, he left his entire collection of approximately 10000 mainly black and white 35 mm negatives to his wife Edelgard Nkobi, born Schulreich, whom he met and married in Germany.

This collection comprises 5,106 images, scanned from negatives and slides created by Zenzo Nkobi, portraying the activities of Southern African liberation movements in exile from the early 1970s to the early 1990s. These images cover African National Congress (ANC) and Zimbabwean refugee and military camps in Zambia and Botswana in the 1970s. His photographs show ZIPRA military training camps, and rare images of the Freedom Camp massacre and other destabilization raids on Zambian soil by Rhodesian and South African troops.

IDENTIFIED INDIVIDUALS IN IMAGES

Chinamano, Josiah - ZAPU activist

Kaunda, Kenneth - First president of Zambia (1964 to 1991)

Machel, Samora - First president of Mozambique (1975 to 1986)

Maduna, Godwayo - ZAPU activist

Mangena, Nikita - ZIPRA Army commander

Moyo, Jason Ziyapapa - ZAPU official

Msika, Joseph - ZAPU official

Mugabe, Robert - President of Zimbabwe (1987 to date)

Munodawafa, Samuel - ZANU official

Ndhlovu, Bhopa Jane - ZANU activist

Ndhlovu, Edward - ZANU official

Ndhlovu, Skhanyiso - ZANU official

Ngwenya, Jane - ZAPU activist

Nkala, Enos - ZANU minister

Nkobi, Thomas - ANC Treasurer – General (1973 - 1994)

Nkobi, Zenzo - Photographer

Nkomo, Johanna Mama Mafuyana - Wife of Joshua Nkomo and Zapu activist

Nkomo, Joshua (Mdala wethu) - Leader and founder of ZAPU.

Nyerere, Julius (Mwalimu) - First president of Tanzania (1964 to 1985)

Nzo, Alfred - ANC official

Sibanda, Joepe - ZAPU activist

Tambo, Oliver - President of ANC (1967 - 1991)

Tekere, Edgar - ZANU official

IDENTIFIED LOCATIONS IN IMAGES

Arcadia- A coloured dominated suburb in Harare

Barbourfields - High density suburb in Bulawayo

Francistown - Town in Botswana

Harare - Capital city of Zimbabwe

Bulawayo - City in Zimbabwe

Highfields - High density suburb in Harare

Kafue - Town in Zambia

Lusaka - Capital city of Zambia

Maputo - Capital city of Mozambique

Mulungushi - Town in Zambia

Mwembeshi - Town in Zambia

Ntabazinduna - Camp in Bulawayo

Salisbury - Colonial name for Harare

Victory camp - Refugee camp in Zambia

White City - High density suburb in Bulawayo

ORGANISATIONS IDENTIFIED IN IMAGES -

AAPSO Afro Asian Peoples’ Solidarity Organisation -

ANC African National Congress (South Africa) -

GDR German Democratic Republic -

ZAPU Zimbabwe African People Union -

SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organisation -

ZANLA Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (armed wing of ZANU) -

ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union -

ZIPRA Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army (armed wing of ZAPU) -

Zonder titel

Frederick John Harris was the only white person to be hanged for a political offence during apartheid.

Born in 1937, teacher and sportsman John Harris, became actively involved in the Liberal Party of South Africa (LPSA) in 1960 and was soon elected to the National Committee. Soon afterwards he also became involved in the South African Nonracial Olympic Committee (Sanroc). As chairman of Sanroc he travelled to Switzerland in 1963 to testify at the International Olympic Committee (IOC), seeking South Africa's exclusion from the 1964 Tokyo Olympics because of its racially discriminatory sports policies. His passport was seized on his return, and a year later he was served with banning orders under the Suppression of Communism Act.

He joined the African Resistance Movement (ARM), a militant anti-apartheid resistance movement founded by members of the LPSA. From its first operation in September 1963 the ARM continued with the bombing of power lines, railroad tracks, roads, bridges and other vulnerable infrastructure until July 1964 without any civilian casualties.

On 24 July 1964 Harris planted the bomb at the Johannesburg train station, killing Ethel Rhys and injuring 23 people. He was arrested, following the confession by one of his colleagues, John Lloyd. Harris was convicted of murder and hanged on 1 April 1965, aged 27.

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Activist and photographer Gille De Vlieg was born in England. A trained nurse, she worked in Pietermaritzburg and London before moving to Johannesburg where she became a member of the Black Sash in 1982. Her activism in Black Sash led to her involvement in the Transvaal Rural Action Committee (TRAC), and an introduction into chaotic township lifestyle further inspired her to “show the alternative view of South Africa”, as she came to realise that she could be both activist and photographer.

In 1984, after documenting various “black spots” in the rural Transvaal, she met Afrapix founder member Paul Weinberg who encouraged her to join the collective photo agency and library founded two years earlier. Afrapix brought together a number of photographers who became known for using the camera as a weapon against apartheid. Before 1980, most of these photographers worked independently from each other. With the aim of stimulating documentary photography, Afrapix’s collective approach became one of sharing skills and ideas. Photography generated during this period also became known as ‘struggle photography’. Afrapix was dissolved in 1991 as South Africa’s international isolation ended.

In the late 1980s Gille De Vlieg participated in the Culture in Another South Africa Conference, Amsterdam, and other group exhibitions. In 2009 she exhibited at the National Arts Festival and at the Durban Art Gallery in an exhibition entitled ‘Rising Up Together’. She lives in KwaZulu-Natal.

Zonder titel

The Forgotten Voices of the Present started as a research project with the intension to document an alternative history of South Africa’s transition since 1994. This project aims to give voice to those South Africans who have been marginalized and/or excluded from the production of South Africa’s history to date, and thus, attempts not only to challenge the way in which histories of people and communities have been recorded, but generally the way in which histories have been made.

The main purpose of the project is to produce a collection of individual oral histories from residents in selected poor communities that can constitute a meaningful representation of South Africa's post 1994 political, social and economic history as lived and experienced by the oppressed and marginalized majority.

The scope of the project is intentionally limited to collecting oral histories from three selected, poor communities in post-1994 South Africa. It is attempts to capture a representational cross-section of voices from poor communities in post-1994 South Africa that cover rural, urban and peri-urban realities.

The three communites selected for this project are:

The community of Ramalutsi which is located adjacent to the small farming town of Viljoenskroon in the Northern Free State;

The community of Maandagshoek which is located approximately 30kms west of the small town of Burgersfort in the south of Limpopo province;

The community of Sebokeng which is located in the mid-Vaal area (south of Johannesburg) of Gauteng province.

Zonder titel

The Department of Education has been hosting an annual oral history competition, known as the Nkosi Albert Luthuli Young Historians’ Competition, since 2006 as part of their commitment to participate in and co-ordinate the national commemoration of the anniversaries of events of historical significance in schools.

Each year all schools are encouraged to participate and the competition is open to all learners in Grades 8 to 11 and all history educators in secondary schools.

The aim of this oral history competition is to encourage all learners to develop an understanding, not only of the broad history of South Africa, but also of the richness of the histories of their local communities, and in the process gaining experience in developing important research skills.

This is a joint project between the Department of Education, South African History Online and the South African History Archive.

Zonder titel

In 2010 and 2011, the South African History Archives (SAHA), in partnership with Tshepo Moloi, Gille De Vlieg, Mmatjatji Malabela, Nonhlanhla Ngwenya and Lucky Zimba conducted a research project entitled "Voices from Below: An Oral and Photographic Community History of Tembisa". The objectives of the project is: to conduct community workshops in Tembisa to collect 'voices from below' oral histories, with supporting photographic components, about the quotidian life in Tembisa. Also to create an oral and photographioc archive at SAHA on the hitory of Tembisa as well as to promote awareness of this archive through preparation of a popular publication and physical and virtual exhibitions.

Zonder titel

The Mafela Trust organisation was established in 1989 by a group of freedom fighters of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) to research and document the political and military activities of ZAPU and its armed wing, the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZPRA), during the liberation war in Zimbabwe. Records pertaining to ZAPU and ZPRA history, including war records, were confiscated by the government-led Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) in 1982 during the post-independence struggle, and never returned.

In the absence of a documented history, the Mafela Trust has been guided by their mission statement "When you go home tell them of us and say for your tomorrow we gave our today", to launch numerous national projects in an attempt to recoup what has been lost. Most notable of these projects are the 'Fallen Heroes' project - an identification and commemoration of those who died during the liberation war, and the ‘War Graves’ project – the location and subsequent exhumation of war graves. Further research and oral history projects bear testament to the Mafela Trust's determination to recover the ZAPU/ZPRA history, including documenting the history around the formal alliance with Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the military wing of the African National Congress (ANC).

The materials produced as part of these projects form the bulk of the Mafela Trust collection at SAHA and include paper-based and digital materials, photographs, oral history interviews and video material. These materials were identified as endangered in the course of a research, digitisation and oral history project conducted by SAHA in 2010 and 2011, and the materials were relocated to Johannesburg in 2011 for comprehensive archival processing. A selection of materials in this collection has been digitised.

ANC - African National Congress

MK - Umkhonto we Sizwe

MOU - Memorandum of Understanding

MWHA - Matopo World Heritage Area

RSA - Republic of South Africa

ZANU - Zimbabwe African National Union

ZAPU - Zimbabwe African People's Union

ZPRA - Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army

Zonder titel

AMSA - ArcelorMittal South Africa

CER - The Centre for Environmental Rights

VEJA - Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) is a non-profit company and law clinic based in Cape Town. Established in October 2009 by eight civil society organisations (CSOs) in South Africa’s environmental and environmental justice sector, the CER provides legal and related support to environmental CSOs and communities.

This collection relates to CER's work in promoting transparency and accountability in environmental governance, aimed at testing and assessing the extent to which civil society can access environmental information held by regulators and private entities.

Many of the records included in this collection were released to CER and / or CER partner organisations in terms of the Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (PAIA), such as the Vanderbijlpark Environmental Master Plan, developed by ISCOR from 2000 to 2002 and released by ArcelorMittal South Africa (AMSA) to the Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance (VEJA) in 2014 after the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) ordered AMSA to do so. The SCA judgment confirmed VEJA’s constitutional right to know the extent and impact of the steel giant’s activities on the Vaal communities’ health and the environment.

The aim of this collection is to establish a proper archive for CER’s third party documents and the next series of documents will include Eskom licences, compliance reports and health studies.

Zonder titel

A persistent yet inaccurate myth prevails in South Africa that all of the apartheid state’s records were destroyed. This is not the case, in fact a vast collection of apartheid-era material remains locked away in public and private archives. Between 2012 and 2017, Open Secrets engaged in research in archives across the world in search of the lost stories of apartheid era economic crime. During this period, we collected approximately 40,000 documents in 25 public archives, consulting numerous collections in seven countries including South Africa, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. This material provided the backbone of the publication Apartheid Guns & Money: A Tale of Profit, authored by Hennie van Vuuren and published by Jacana in May 2017. The book, informed by the often newly declassified material found in this archive, tells a tale of global complicity with apartheid. It identifies a global covert network of banks, intelligence agencies, arms companies and politicians that supported apartheid through weapons and oil sanctions busting.

The bulk of the findings in the book, and the material now in this archive are from South African public archives. In mid-2013, 48 Promotion of Access to Information (PAIA) requests were lodged with state agencies in terms of PAIA. Most of these documents date from the period 1978–94 and included TRC-related investigations (from the late 1990s). Most requests were ignored or refused on flimsy grounds. It was thanks to the persistence of The South African History Archive (SAHA), assisted by lawyers from Lawyers for Human Rights and pro-bono counsel from Geoff Budlender, Nasreen Rajab-Budlender, Nyoko Muvangua, Hermione Cronje, Lebogang Kutumela and Frances Hobden, that some departments finally (though only partly) relented, and provided access to this information. Much of it has been untouched by South African researchers. It’s a rich vein of material that demands our attention as we come to understand our story.

Where at all possible, the archives provided here include some of Open Secrets’ summaries of the documents contained there. All inventories, finding aids, and lists of folders requested are included wherever these are available.

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