Institution: ASSOCIATION OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS

Subordinate body: STANDING COMMITTEE OF ASSOCIATED CHURCH SCHOOLS

The EMPSA head office in Johannesburg closed its doors shortly after the 1994 General Elections (1994/27 April). The programme was launched in September 1992. International monitors working in successive teams monitored events up to and including the 1994 General elections

Sketch of the Ecumenical Monitoring

Programme in South Africa:

EMPSA was established as a result of a call by the South African Churches - the South African Council of Churches (SACC) and the South African Catholic Bishops Conference (SACBC) to the international church community to send teams of monitors to address the question of violence.

The structure, policy and vision of the programme was agreed at a meeting with EMPSA's international partners in Geneva in August 1992. EMPSA was established with a three-fold mandate: to monitor violence, the political transitional process and elections

A group of eminent international church leaders, the Ecumenical Eminent Persons

Group (EEPG), launched the programme in September 1992.

The programme's international coordination was provided by the World Council of Churches in Geneva, in conjunction with the Vatican's Pontifical Commission on Justice and Peace. Recruitment, screening and initial selection of monitors proposed from countries all over the world was done in consultation with the EMPSA national office.

Programme coordination within South Africa was done from the Johannesburg head office, which had both national and international staff, and was responsible to a National Coordinating Committee representing participating churches and church agencies in the regions, the World Conference on Religion and Peace, and national independent monitoring organisations

Participants in the EMPSA programme developed working structures in their own countries which represented interested church denominations and relevant non- governmental organisations. These committees/forums undertook a more systematic approach to recruiting, screening, selecting and proposing monitors, raising funds to cover fares, allowances, insurances etc., and lobbying and information work with returned monitors. More recent participating countries tended to have a weaker infrastructure in this regard and operated on the basis of a single church, organisation or even individual.

EMPSA monitors, deployed in successive teams to various priority areas, engaged in a wide range of activities, from monitoring marches and rallies to facilitating meetings between groups to resolve conflicts, to intervening with police and government officials. Victims of violence were visited and contact was established with the police, all the main political and community players, peace committees, local churches and businesses. EMPSA was at an advantage because it worked closely with church networks as well as non-governmental organisations. Monitors did experience problems with the length of their stay (approximately six weeks). They needed time to familiarise themselves with the situation in which they found themselves. They also needed to follow up on cases. However a good handover between successive teams and a growing network of local contacts was able to sustain a level of continuity.

Monitors worked under difficult conditions and frequently found themselves in dangerous situations. In one particular incident, EMPSA monitors Joyce Cashmore and Pieter van Reenen were detained by Bophuthatswana police sparking a local and international outcry. It is generally agreed that the presence of EMPSA monitors together with other monitoring structures contributed to a relatively peaceful electoral process

In response to Vatican II, Pope Paul VI set up the Pontifical Commission for justice and peace in 1967. A justice and peace group was founded in Johannesburg in 1973/4. Bishop Orsmond later resuscitated the group. He appointed Fr. Emil Blaser O P as Episcopal Vicar for Justice and Reconciliation. The directive for justice and peace was integrated into the pastoral plan of the Catholic Church, the theme of which is Community serving Humanity. It was in this context that Justice and Peace, keenly aware that Apartheid has been a key characteristic of our situation set about addressing societal imbalances. Apart from its primary focus which is to raise awareness in the Catholic Community, Justice and Peace works closely with both local and international organisations (religious and lay) who are committed to transforming society through justice and reconciliation.

The Worker's Party of South Africa was formed in 1935 after the merger of the Communist League of South Africa and the Bolshevik Leninist League. The collection contains minutes, correspondence, articles and other records of this organisation. Also included are records of the Independent Labour Party and the League of International Communists.

Peace the Peace was an organisation established in 1993, initially under the auspices of Wits Vaal Peace Secretariat.

Using trained peace workers from troubled areas, the Corps aimed in promoting peace in these areas by monitoring; marches and public events and encouraging a culture of peace.

Young unemployed people were mainly trained as monitors and paid a small salary, Ephemeral records (L, M, N, 0) may he destroyed alter the year 2001

TRAC is a non-profit land NGO, working to support rural communities and campaigning for land reform and redistribution.

The Kairos Foundation (Stichting Kairos) was founded in 1970 as a support group for the Christian Institute in South Africa, whose general secretary was anti-apartheid activist Dr CF Beyers Naude. Kairos, a Greek word, means 'time is running out'. Until 1990 most of Kairos' attention focussed on violations of human rights in South Africa and mobilisation of support in the Netherlands for sanctions and disinvestment.

In the 1970s and 1980s the organisation focused on the causes of apartheid with campaigns aimed at Dutch firms active in the apartheid economy. Other campaigns were aimed at forced removals, detentions, torture in detention, the death sentence, children, conscription and the activities of the security forces

Kairos' work was supported by many of the Dutch churches and there was co-operation from church circles in Southern Africa. Extensive contacts were made with black South African clerics studying in the Netherlands. Kairos mobilised attention on the disempowered and influenced public opinion through campaigns and publications

Through Kairos, many South African organisations channelled information to international organisations and the media. From 1996-1997, Kairos researched the assault and torture of political prisoners in the 1960s and 1970s for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

After 1990 attention shifted to the consequences of apartheid and support for the reconstruction of the country. Youth development was given considerable attention with training, conferences, support and specialist input from experts in various fields to organisations involved in the development of the youth.

In 2002, the Kairos Foundation closed its doors. Its resource and research material was then donated to the University of the Witwatersrand.

The roots of the Koinonia movement lay in the South African Christian Leadership Assembly (1979) and in the meal groups organized by Dr Nico Smith, a Dutch Reformed minister, when he went to minister to a black congregation in Mamelodi in 1982. The Koinonia movement in South Africa began in Pretoria in 1986 when Dr Nico Smith challenged a group of concerned white Christians in Pretoria to initiate a movement that would bring about reconciliation between the alienated races in Apartheid South Africa. Koinonia South Africa came into being as a result of this challenge, and the Rev. Ivor Jenkins was appointed as its first full-time national coordinator. Initial funding came from the Swiss-based organization, Christian Solidarity International.

Koinonia is a Greek word meaning "fellowship" and this was the central tenet of Koinonia's mission - to encourage "fellowship" between white and non-white Christians. The effort centered on the "meal group" concept - small, racially mixed groups would meet in each others' homes to share a meal and thus begin to break down the barriers that had grown up between the races.

Theologically, Koinonia was predicated on the belief that justice, equality and reconciliation are central tenets of Christianity, and that each individual needed to be treated with dignity and respect irrespective of race. Politically, Koinonia was dedicated to the pursuit of a non-racial, democratic dispensation for all the peoples of South Africa.

The records in this collection reflect the workings of Koinonia throughout South Africa and abroad as it sought to achieve the following aims:

On the spiritual level, to integrate believers of all races into one body

On the family level, to promote the practice of fellowship and mutual support

On the leadership level, to facilitate cooperation between religious leaders of the different race groups

On the social-structural level, to explore non-violent means of effecting reconciliation

On the ideological level, to address the problems faced by the oppressed on the basis of Christian principles

In the year 1955 the American Friends Service Committee held a conference at Haverford College, to examine the value of two-way exchanges between the Union (of South Africa) and the United States, to determine the most effective type of exchanges, and to explore the organisational and financial resources for carrying out such exchange programs. South African leaders were approached with the intention of finding people with a similar commitment to problem-solving by international contact. The South Africans were interested, and plans were made for the creation of an organisation that would co-operate in bringing together leaders from various ethnic and political groupings in the two countries by means of exchange visits. The organisation was founded in 1957 with the name USSALEP (United States-South Africa Leadership Exchange Program: later renamed the United States-South Africa Leader Development Program) and in December 1957, the African-American Institute agreed to add USSALEP to its existing projects. In 1960 USSALEP separated from the African-American Institute and became an independent organisation a private, voluntary, non-profit corporation. Over the next half-century large numbers of leaders and potential leaders from South Africa and the United States benefited from exchange visits, cultural contacts, conferences and training opportunities arranged by USSALEP. Exchangees were encouraged to travel and meet people who could assist them in gaining insight into their countrys problems and possible solutions. As well as the exchange visits, conferences were arranged and various training and empowerment projects were launched (See B: History of USSALEP)

The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR was established in 1989 under the name "Project for the study of violence". Initially affiliated to the Research division of the University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg until mid 1997, it became an independent NGO, registered as a Section 21 (not-for-profit) company. The CSVR was a multi-disciplinary organisation, engaging the services of sociologists, psychologists, criminologists, lawyers, educationalists, historians etc. The Centre attempted to engage with the full spectrum of forms of violence, including social, criminal, political, domestic and gender violence. It worked with a wide range of organisations, constituencies and stake-holders in both government and non-government sectors. These included community organisations, government departments, NGOs, schools, prisons, police, youth, political parties, business organisations and development agencies. The CSVR actively engaged with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and with relevant institutions beyond the life of the TRC, so as to ensure that human rights abuses do not occur again, that a sustainable human rights culture is built in South Africa, and that the victims of Apartheid abuses gain maximum benefit from their engagement with the TRC. The CSVR received its funding mainly through Donations, Project and Programme funding. Together with its various projects and programmes it offered a number of practical services such as Trauma counselling, in-house education, research and analysis, crime prevention consultancy amongst others. The CSVR was structured into various Units and programmes, namely: Criminal Justice Policy Unit, Gender Unit, Youth department, Education & Media Unit, Transition and Reconciliation Unit, Trauma Clinic and Africa programme & Refugee Desk.